The Sydney Diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia is unique in Western Anglicanism in that the majority of the diocese is Evangelical (low church) in nature, and committed to Reformed and Calvinist theology.

History

The Diocese stretches from Lithgow in the west, the Hawkesbury River in the north and nearly to Batemans Bay in the South. It encompasses Australia's largest city as well as the city of Wollongong. It is, geographically, one of the largest Anglican dioceses in the world. Because of its historical link with the founding of Sydney and Australia in 1788, it is also one of the most wealthy Anglican dioceses in the world, rivalled probably only by the Diocese of New York.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Evangelicals within the diocese were concerned about growing Anglo-Catholicism and Modernism within the church and fought very hard to preserve Sydney's Evangelical nature. Out of this came the Anglican Church League, a body of evangelicals who worked within the politics of the diocese to further their evangelical cause. Their main aim was to ensure that the Archbishop would, at the very least, promote evangelical belief and theology over and above all other expressions of Anglican thinking.

The Sydney Diocese has changed somewhat since the early 20th century. A reliance upon outsiders for resources meant that many of the priests and bishops were trained and sourced from England. By 2004, however, Moore Theological College, the official Theological college (seminary) for Sydney Anglicans, had in excess of 400 students studying for the ministry, many of whom would end up in a ministry outside the ecclesiastical and geographical boundaries of the Sydney Anglican Diocese.

There are considerable organisational differences between the Sydney Diocese and those in England. These differences promote a uniformity in practice and style of preaching throughout the Diocese.

Evangelical Distinctives

Because of Sydney's commitment to Evangelical theology and practice, many non-Evangelical Anglicans within the diocese have felt threatened and isolated. These include not only churches that are committed to an Anglo-Catholic style of liturgical practice and more theologically liberal understandings of the Bible but also those churches which, while committed to Evangelical theology, continue to maintain robed priests, traditionally structured services and traditional hymns.

Sydney's relationship with other Australian Anglican Dioceses has always been problematic. The result of this has been a passive antagonism towards Sydney and a reluctance to allow Sydney-trained Priests into their own dioceses. This antagonism has been reciprocated by Sydney's own hard-line attitude towards any non-evangelical priest who wants to minister in Sydney.

Perhaps the most visible difference between Sydney and other Anglican dioceses has been its unwillingness to allow the ordination of women to the priesthood. This issue is an indicator of Sydney's difference in ecclesiology and theology to

In Sydney, Calvinist and Reformed theology places a much lower emphasis upon the Eucharist, which is celebrated far less often during church services than in other dioceses. Moreover, the whole system of Catholic order is in the process of being questioned within the Sydney diocese, with the three-fold order of Deacons, Priests and Bishops being largely ignored in practice. Because of this, Lay presidency is being seriously considered, whereby the Lord's Supper (an evangelical term for the Eucharist) could be celebrated by Deacons and even unordained church members.

The reason for Sydney's strong opposition towards the ordination of women is based mainly upon the teachings of The Apostle Paul in respect to the understanding of the Greek word kephale (κεφαλη) mentioned in Ephesians 5:23, as well as the prohibition given to female teachers in 1 Timothy 2:11. Sydney's continued stand on this issue has been a source of bitterness for a significant minority within the diocese, as well as a major cause of enmity between Sydney and the diocese in Melbourne. In the latter case, the Sydney Diocese attempted by litigation to prevent the diocese of Melbourne from ordaining women as priests, arguing that Melbourne was an "off-shoot church".

Sydney Anglicans have often been described as fundamentalist and sect-like by their opponents, but these terms are unhelpful in describing the differences. Fundamentalism, while taking the Bible at face value, has always been anti-intellectual. By contrast, Sydney Anglicans are encouraged to study and use their intellects so long as they continue to hold on to the central truths of the evangelical faith. Moore Theological College, the theological seminary for Sydney Anglicans, is staffed by evangelical academics who have completed post-graduate work at Oxford University, Cambridge University, Yale and Princeton among others.

Sydney Anglicans have also successfully resisted the influence of the charismatic and Pentecostal movements. Because evangelicals take the Bible, rather than personal experience, as the sole authority for faith and belief, charismatic and Pentecostal Christians have not always felt welcome within the church.

Political bias

There have been attempt by certain academics (including John Shelby Spong and Sydney Morning Herald writer Chris McGillon) to link Sydney's evangelical belief system to the growth of conservative politics, especially in America. However, a cursory analysis of leading Sydney Anglican publications (such as Southern Cross and The Briefing) shows that, while a conservative line is taken in areas of Christian belief, there is no overt support for right-wing political parties or candidates. Moreover, American organisations such as Focus on the Family, and

In Australia, it is mainly the charismatic and Pentecostal churches that have taken on board conservative politics - as shown by the rise of Family First. Since Sydney Anglicanism is antagonistic towards these church movements, it is perhaps unlikely that any collaboration will occur.

Influences on Sydney Anglicanism

The Sydney Diocese has been shaped by the activities and beliefs of many influential people throughout the 20th century:

• TC Hammond was an Anglican from Ireland who moved to Australia to become principal of Moore Theological College during the 1930s. Hammond's influence was critical as he injected an intellectual Calvinism into his students. The book In Understanding Be Men, a summary of Christian doctrine, was his lasting legacy and it is still in print today.

• D Broughton Knox was Principal of Moore Theological College from the 1950s until 1985. Along with Donald Robinson, Knox pioneered the study of Biblical Theology, which in turn influenced the Sydney Anglican ecclesiology. Knox's intellectual rigour ensured that Moore Theological College graduates were less likely to accommodate Anglo-Catholic practices in their parish ministry.

• John Chapman was head of Sydney's Department of Evangelism during the 1960s and 1970s. He used his ability as a public speaker and evangelist to promote local church missions. Evangelism thus became a priority within the Sydney Anglican churches at around the same time that church-going became less important to mainstream Australia. Chapman's influence ensured that Sydney Anglicans were able to mobilise in evangelism to prevent too many people from leaving the churches.

• Billy Graham, the American Evangelist, visited Sydney for a Crusade in 1959. Many who were converted at this crusade ended up studying at Moore Theological College and entering the ministry, including Peter Jensen and Phillip Jensen (below). This crusade had a permanent influence on Sydney Anglicans, who placed a great priority on preaching the gospel and calling for a personal decision of faith.

• John Stott, the English preacher and former Rector of All Souls', Langham Place, visited Australia many times during the 1960s and 1970s. He introduced Sydney Anglicans to expository preaching as the main method of preaching sermons. Thus many Anglican churches in Sydney are regularly exposed to a preaching style that works through Bible passages, explains them and applies them to everyday life. Rather than preaching topical or theological sermons, Sydney Anglican preachers are more likely to preach systematically through verses, chapters and books of the Bible.

• Peter Jensen entered Moore Theological College in the late 1960s, and was appointed Principal in 1985. In 2001 he was elected Archbishop of Sydney, and he immediately called on all churches in the Sydney Diocese to aim to reach 10% of their communities by 2012. While such a high goal may be likely to fail in secular Sydney, the result of Jensen's goal has been an unprecendented increase in church planting and related activities.

• Phillip Jensen, Peter's younger brother, became chaplain to the University of New South Wales in 1975 and Rector of St Matthias, Centennial Park, in 1977. He is deeply conservative in his Calvinist theology yet radical and iconoclastic in his ministry style. His work at the University of New South Wales included the creation of the Ministry Training Strategy (MTS) which took willing young men and women and trained them in practical ministry skills before sending them to Moore Theological College. In 2003 Peter Jensen appointed Phillip Jensen as Dean of St Andrew's Cathedral in Sydney, a move which some criticised as nepotism.

Some Notable Bishops

• Donald Robinson, a theologian highly regarded in Sydney for his evangelical teaching, became Archbishop in the early 1980s. He put much energy into the expanding of the church into new housing areas and in building up existent churches in populous low-income suburbs. He was strongly opposed to the ordination of women.

• Harry Goodhew, Archbishop in the 1990s, attempted to heal rifts within the Diocese. He continued to promote the Archbishop's Vision for Growth founded by Donald Robinson, his predecessor. He opened pathways between the Anglican Diocese of Sydney and other churches, promoted communication between Christians and Jews, and supported the Catholic-founded Cursillo movement which has rapidly expanded among more progressive Anglicans within the diocese. In order to ease the tensions involved in the debate over women's ordination, he placed a moratorium on discussing the issue for a time.

Sexual abuse

Like many churches in Australia and the USA, Sydney Anglicanism was rocked in the 1990s and 2000s by revelations of sexual abuse. One minister, Victor Cole, Rector of St Davids Anglican Church Forestville, a member of standing committee and a former president of the Anglican Church League, was named in the Pedophile Enquiry of the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service. Cole confessed to his abuse. In 1996 he was asked to resign from St David's and in 2003 he was asked by the archbishop to relinquish his orders - a voluntary defrocking. However his victim, Clare Pascoe Henderson, maintains that "the church's stand is about political power and protection of the system and its own members, rather than healing the broken and providing solace for the hurting."

In response to the growing national and international coverage of sexual abuse within various Christian denominations, a new was adopted in 2004 to ensure that all persons who hold ministry positions within the church (formal and informal, paid and unpaid) are given strict guidelines on ethical behaviour. Included in the code is the expectation that clergy and church workers adhere to "faithfulness in marriage and chastity in singleness". Given the history of many other church bodies to procrastinate on the issue of sexual abuse, only time will tell whether this code of conduct will be effective.

See also

• Moore Theological College
• Sydney Missionary and Bible College
• St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney