Christianity: Details about 'Pope Julius Ii'
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Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere (December 5, 1443 – February 21, 1513), was Pope from 1503 to 1513. He is commonly known as "the warrior Pope."
Early lifeJulius II (Giuliano della Rovere) was a nephew of pope Sixtus IV (1471–84). He was educated among the Franciscans by his uncle, who took him under his special charge, and later sent to a convent in La Pérouse with the purpose of obtaining knowledge of the sciences. However, he does not appear to have joined the order of St. Francis, but rather remained a member of the secular clergy until his elevation to bishop of Carpentras, France, in 1471; very shortly after his uncle succeeded to the papal chair. In the same year he was promoted to cardinal, taking the same title formerly held by his uncle, Cardinal of San Pietro ad Vincula. With his uncle as Pope, he obtained great influence, and he held no fewer than eight bishoprics (e.g. Lausanne 1472–1476; Coutances 1476–1478), in addition to the archbishopric of Avignon. In the capacity of papal legate he was sent to France in 1480, where he remained four years, and acquitted himself with such ability that he soon acquired a paramount influence in the College of Cardinals, an influence which increased rather than diminished during the pontificate of Pope Innocent VIII (1484–92). Ascension to papacyHowever, a rivalry had gradually grown up between him and Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, and on the death of Innocent VIII in 1492 Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503). Della Rovere, jealous and angry, accused Borgia of being elected over della Rovere by means of simony and a secret agreement with Ascanio Sforza. Della Rovere at once determined to take refuge from Borgia's wrath at Ostia, and in a few months afterwards went to Paris, where he incited Charles VIII of France (1483–98) to undertake the conquest of Naples(actually, it was Ludovico the Moor of Milan that encouraged him to invade Naples!)der the papal ban. Attempts to bring about a rupture between France and England proved unsuccessful; on the other hand, at a synod convened by Louis XII at Tours in September 1510 the French bishops withdrew from the papal obedience, and resolved, with Maximilian I's cooperation, to seek the deposition of Julius II. In November 1511 a council actually met for this object at Pisa. Julius II hereupon entered into the Holy League with Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Venetians against France, in which both Henry VIII of England (1509–47) and the Emperor ultimately joined. He also convened a general council (that afterwards was known as the Fifth Council of the Lateran) to be held at Rome in 1512, which, according to an oath taken on his election, he had bound himself to summon, but which had been delayed, he affirmed, on account of the occupation of Italy by his enemies. In 1512 the French were driven across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation of Italy by the other powers, and Julius II, though he had securely established the papal authority in the states immediately around Rome, was practically as far as ever from realizing his dream of an independent Italian kingdom when he died of fever in February 1513 and was buried at the basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli. The abilities and ambition of Pope Julius II were regal and military rather than in any sense ecclesiastical. He was more concerned for his own personal fame as a member of the family of della Rovere than for the advancement of the influence and authority of the Church. His dauntless spirit, his mastery of political stratagem, and his moral indifference in the choice of means rendered him the most prominent political figure of his time. While, however, his political and warlike achievements would alone entitle him to rank amongst the most remarkable of the occupants of the papal chair, his chief title to honour is to be found in his patronage of art and literature. He did much to improve and beautify the city; in 1506 he laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's; and he was the friend and patron of Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for Julius II. He was succeeded by Pope Leo X (1513–21). While no firm evidence exists, it is thought that the card game Pope Julius is named after him. BookBarbara Tuchman, in her book The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (1984; ISBN 0345308239) offers a vivid narrative of Julius II's career. Her overall assessment of Julius is strongly negative, and she attributes to him some of the blame for provoking the Reformation. FilmIn the film The Agony and the Ecstasy about the life of Michelangelo, Julius is vividly portrayed as a soldier-pope by Rex Harrison. SourcesText from the 9th edition (1880) of an unnamed encyclopedia (Two 120 year-old bibliographic references omitted).
Julius II Julio II Julio la 2-a Jules II 교황 율리오 2세 Papa Giulio II יוליוס השני Paus Julius II ユリウス2世 (ローマ教皇) Iulius II Julius II Juliusz II Papa Júlio II Юлий II (Папа Римский) Папа Јулије II Julius II Julius II 儒略二世
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