This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass; for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass, see Mass (liturgy).

Novus Ordo Missae (Latin: New Order of the Mass), generally abbreviated to Novus Ordo, is a term used unofficially to refer to the liturgy of the Mass of the Roman Rite as revised after the Second Vatican Council.

The term

The term "Novus Ordo (Missae)" is widely used by very conservative Traditionalist Catholics critical of the post-Vatican II liturgical reforms. Some mainstream Catholics also use the term, but others regard it as pejorative. Alternative terms include Post-Tridentine Mass, Missa Normativa, Mass of Pope Paul VI, Pauline Mass, Vatican II Mass and Post-Conciliar Mass. The Catholic Church officially refers to Mass liturgies simply by the date of the edition of the Roman Missal used in the celebration (e.g., Roman Missal 1970).

The term was coined when, in advance of the 1969 decision on the form of the revision of the Roman Missal, a preliminary draft of two sections was published. One of these sections was the called in Latin Ordo Missae: the Ordinary of the Mass - that is, the unvarying part of the Mass. To distinguish this from the Ordo Missae of the existing edition of the Missal, some referred to it as the "Novus Ordo Missae", novus being the Latin word for "new". They later applied the same term to the entirety of the revised Mass liturgy. The other section published at the same time in draft form was the Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani, General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM), on the proper way to celebrate the liturgy.

The text

The current official text is the typical edition of the Roman Missal promulgated in 2000 and issued in Latin in 2002; translations into the vernacular are in production. Two earlier typical editions of the Roman Missal revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council were issued in 1970 (promulgated in 1969) and in 1975. The pre-1970 version of the Roman Missal is frequently referred to as the Tridentine Mass, though a considerable number of Catholics (including both supporters and opponents of the post-Vatican II liturgical reforms) object to the use of this term.

History

The desire to revise the Mass can be traced to the modern Liturgical movement, initiated most notably by Dom Prosper Guéranger, founder of the Abbey of Solesmes. The movement desired corrections to what it saw as inappropriate practices in the celebration of Mass and their replacement with more ancient liturgical practices. The movement focused on increasing the popularity of Gregorian Chant and encouraging the congregation to participate (in a mental sense) more fully in the Mass. There was no intention to alter the form of the rite of Mass.

However, unease had developed about practices that required an effort to justify, such as:

• the priest blessing the host and chalice with many signs of the cross after they were consecrated and on the other hand speaking before the consecration of already offering a sacrifice there and then
• the priest reciting many of the most important prayers silently.

Another feature of the liturgical movement was the desire to use the vernacular language in some or all of the Mass, in order that the congregation might draw spiritual nourishment from being able to participate in the Mass with understanding. This was especially desired for the readings from Scripture at Mass. In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pope Pius XII stated that "the use of the mother tongue in connection with several of the rites may be of much advantage to the people. But the Apostolic See alone is empowered to grant this permission". He gave a general permission to use the vernacular at the renewal of baptismal promises in the revised Easter Vigil service.

Scholarly study had brought to light how and when many elements of varied provenance were added to the Roman-rite Mass and were then included in Pope Pius V’s Tridentine revision of the Roman Missal. In section 4 of the same encyclical, Pope Pius XII praised the work of these experts, while insisting that it was for the Holy See, not for wild-cat initiative, to judge what action to take on the basis of the results: "You are of course familiar with the fact, Venerable Brethren, that a remarkably widespread revival of scholarly interest in the sacred liturgy took place towards the end of the last century and has continued through the early years of this one. The movement owed its rise to commendable private initiative and more particularly to the zealous and persistent labour of several monasteries within the distinguished Order of Saint Benedict. Thus there developed in this field among many European nations, and in lands beyond the seas as well, a rivalry as welcome as it was productive of results. Indeed, the salutary fruits of this rivalry among the scholars were plain for all to see, both in the sphere of the sacred sciences, where the liturgical rites of the Western and Eastern Church were made the object of extensive research and profound study, and in the spiritual life of considerable numbers of individual Christians."

The research to which Pope Pius XII referred made it clear that, because of the insufficient resources at its disposal, Pope Pius V’s commission had not achieved its aim of restoring the Missal to "the original form and rite of the holy Fathers", the aim that the sixteenth-century Pope believed it had in fact attained, stating in his bull Quo primum: "We decided to entrust this work to learned men of our selection. They very carefully collated all their work with the ancient codices in Our Vatican Library and with reliable, preserved or emended codices

Beginnings of the revision

Although the Roman Missal had been subject to revision ever since it was codified by order of the Council of Trent, these revisions had not hitherto represented any substantial break with past practices. After only 34 years Pope Clement VIII made a general revision, as did Pope Urban VIII 30 years later; other Popes added new celebrations or made minor adjustments. But it was not until the twentieth century that work began on a more radical rewriting; up to that time, thousands of words had been added to the Missal but only 26 to the Ordinary of the Mass.

In response to the desire of the First Vatican Council, Pope Pius X introduced in 1911 a new arrangement of the Psalter for use in the Breviary, and forbade the use of the previous arrangement. In the bull , by which he ordered this change, he described this as "a first step towards a correction of the Roman Breviary and Missal." Even his limited revision of the Breviary "significantly unsettled" clerics - the laity were almost totally unaware of it - since "(i)t only partially took into account the ancient tradition of the Church, for example, abandoning the number of 12 psalms at Matins, a number consecrated by a tradition going back to the Desert Fathers and expressly codified in the Rule of St. Benedict. Another point controverted at the time was the suppression of the immemorial and universally held usage of reciting psalms 148, 149, and 150 at the end of Lauds daily."

In 1955, Pope Pius XII made substantial revisions of the Roman Missal for Palm Sunday, the Easter Triduum, and the Vigil of Pentecost. The Palm Sunday blessing of palms was freed from elements, such as the recitation of the Sanctus, that were relics of a former celebration of a separate Mass for the blessing, and the procession was simplified. Among the Holy Thursday changes were the moving of Mass from morning to evening, thus making room for a morning Chrism Mass, and the insertion of the rite of the washing of feet into the evening Mass. Changes to the Good Friday service included moving it from morning to afternoon, and allowing the laity to receive Communion, formerly reserved to the priest.

There were more numerous changes to the Easter Vigil service:

• The service would no longer be held on Saturday morning, and would instead be celebrated during the night leading to Easter Sunday morning;
• The triple candlestick on which previously one candle at a time had been lit at the beginning of the service was abolished, replacing that ceremony with the lighting of the Paschal candle and of candles held by the whole congregation;
• Other new rites were inserted, including renewing baptismal promises (in the vernacular) and inscribing the modern Arabic numerals of the year on the Paschal candle;
• The Exsultet was amended to replace the prayer for the emperor with a newly composed prayer;
• Eight Old Testament readings were omitted, another was shortened, and the priest was relieved of the obligation to read the passages quietly while they were being read or chanted aloud;
• The "Last Gospel" (John 1:1-14) that had customarily ended Mass was omitted.

At the Vigil of Pentecost, the traditional blessing of baptismal water, accompanied by the Litany of the Saints and six Old Testament readings, was omitted completely, though still printed in the Missal.

Apart from adding a few feasts and otherwise revising the liturgical calendar, John XXIII, the next Pope, made only two changes in the text of the Missal: he deleted the word "perfidis" (Latin: "faithless") from the Good Friday prayer for the Jews, and he added the name of Saint Joseph to the Eucharistic Prayer (Canon of the Mass). The second change was particularly significant, as many had considered the Canon of the Mass practically untouchable.

The 1970 Roman Missal

The Apostolic Constitution Missale Romanum, promulgating the 1970 Roman Missal, singled out for special mention the following changes:

• Three new eucharistic prayers (or canons) were added to the single text of the previous Roman Rite. However, the only obligatory alteration to the traditional Roman Canon was that the words "Mysterium fidei" were removed from the context of the words of Christ at the consecration. They are now said by the priest as an introduction to the Memorial Acclamation.

• The rites of the Ordinary of the Mass were simplified: the Apostolic Constitution explained that elements that had been duplicated over time or were deemed to have been added with little advantage were eliminated, while other elements that had been damaged by accidents of history were restored.

• A much larger portion of the Scriptures would be read to the people. The present three readings and a Responsorial Psalm arranged in a three-year cycle of Sundays is more than four times the previous two readings spread over a single year.

In addition to these three changes, the Apostolic Constitution mentions that the revision considerably modified other sections of the Roman Missal, such as the Proper of Seasons, the Proper of Saints, the Common of Saints, Ritual Masses and Votive Masses, adding that " number has been increased, so that the new forms might better correspond to new needs, and the text of older prayers has been restored on the basis of the ancient sources." Whether in fact these intentions have been achieved is open to doubt.

Other changes

Vernacular language

The Second Vatican Council allowed a very restricted use of the vernacular language at Mass, stating in its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium of 4 December 1963: "Since the use of the vernacular, whether in the Mass, the administration of the sacraments, or in other parts of the liturgy, may frequently be of great advantage to the people, a wider use may be made of it, especially in readings, directives and in some prayers and chants" (section 36); and: "A suitable place may be allotted to the vernacular in Masses which are celebrated with the people, especially in the readings and 'the common prayer', and also, as local conditions may warrant, in those parts which pertain to the people" (section 54). But it allowed bishops' conferences to make

Bishops' conferences from all over the world soon requested confirmation of their choice to expand the use of the vernacular at Mass. By the time the revised Roman Missal was published in 1970, the granting of such requests resulted in the removal of the obligation to use only Latin in any part of the Mass, even in the prayers that the priest said silently. Accordingly, Mass is normally celebrated in the language of the people, using a translation of the Roman Missal approved by a decision of the bishops' conference that has been confirmed by the Holy See.

The present rule is: "Mass is celebrated either in Latin or in another language, provided that liturgical texts are used which have been approved according to the norm of law. Except in the case of celebrations of the Mass that are scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people, priests are always and everywhere permitted to celebrate Mass in Latin" (Instruction Redemptionis Sacramentum, 112).

Communion under both species

The 1970 Roman Missal allowed the faithful to receive the Eucharist under the appearances of both bread and wine. The very few circumstances where this was at first permitted were gradually extended. Regular use of Communion under both kinds requires the permission of the bishop, but bishops in some countries have given blanket permission to administer Holy Communion in this way. This practice had largely fallen into disuse in Western Europe even before the Council of Trent, and the revised Roman Missal therefore insisted that priests should use the occasion to teach the faithful the Catholic doctrine on the form of Communion, as affirmed by the Council of Trent: they were first to be reminded that they receive the whole Christ when they participate in the sacrament even under one kind alone, and thus are not then deprived of any grace necessary for salvation.

The priest's orientation

Before the revision, priest and people generally faced in the same direction for the canon of the Mass. Most altars were built against a wall or backed by a reredos and topped with a tabernacle; they were often designed with this orientation in mind. When Mass was celebrated at the main altar, all would face the apse of the church, which was generally to the east. However, this was not universal: at the high altars in the major basilicas in Rome the Popes traditionally celebrated Mass facing the people, and even in several small but ancient churches, such as that of the Four Crowned Saints in Via dei Santi Quattro, the altar was so arranged that the priest necessarily faced the people throughout the Mass, an orientation explicitly envisaged in the pre-Vatican-II Roman Missal (Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, V, 3).

Without obliging priests to face the people throughout the Mass, (only at the points mentioned below is he obliged, as in the pre-1970 Roman Missal, to do so) the 1970 Roman Missal called for this orientation to be made possible: "The main altar should be freestanding so that the ministers can easily walk around it and Mass can be celebrated facing the people" (GIRM 262). The 2002 edition of the GIRM added a phrase declaring a freestanding main altar "desirable wherever possible" (GIRM 299). Accordingly, altars that imposed the back-to-the-people orientation have generally been moved closer to the people and away from the apse wall or reredos, or, where this was unsuitable, a new freestanding altar has been built closer to the people. This, however, is not universal, and in some churches and chapels the facing-the-people orientation during the whole of Mass is physically impossible.

The 1975 GIRM prescribed that the priest should face the people:

• For the opening greeting;
• For the invitation to pray;
• Before beginning the Eucharistic Prayer (or Canon of the Mass);
• When displaying the consecrated host before receiving and giving communion; and
• When inviting to pray at the postcommunion prayer.
• The 2002 edition adds the point at which the priest gives the greeting of peace.

The pre-Vatican-II Ordinary of the Mass gave the same indications as the 1975 GIRM, except that it ignored the Communion of the people; mention of this was found only in the Missal's Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, X, 6, with an outline of the rite, not the full text.

The current GIRM directs the priest to face the altar at several points, exactly as in the pre-Vatican-II Ordinary of the Mass. Usually, because of his orientation, this means he also faces the people.

Repositioning of the tabernacle

Placing the tabernacle on the main altar of the church, which became generally customary from the second half of the seventeenth century, is inconvenient for a celebration in which the priest faces the people. Accordingly, while directing that "(i)n accordance with the structure of each church and legitimate local customs, the Most Blessed Sacrament should be reserved in a tabernacle in a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, readily visible, beautifully decorated, and suitable for prayer" (GIRM 314), the revised Roman Missal states: ".. it is preferable that the tabernacle be located, according to the judgment of the Diocesan Bishop,

a. Either in the sanctuary, apart from the altar of celebration, in a form and place more appropriate, not excluding on an old altar no longer used for celebration;

b. Or even in some chapel suitable for the faithful’s private adoration and prayer and which is organically connected to the church and readily visible to the Christian faithful" (GIRM 315).

Other matters

A procession is now allowed at the Offertory or Presentation of the Gifts, when bread, wine, and water are brought to the altar. The exchange of a sign of peace before Communion, previously limited to the clergy at High Mass, is permitted (not made obligatory) at every Mass, even for the laity. "As for the sign of peace to be given, the manner is to be established by Conferences of Bishops in accordance with the culture and customs of the peoples. It is, however, appropriate that each person offer the sign of peace only to those who are nearest and in a sober manner" (GIRM 82). A simple handshake is most common, though sometimes family members will exchange a kiss on the cheek, especially in Latin countries. In countries such as India, the sign is given by bowing with joined hands.

Criticism of the revision

There are two distinct forms of criticisms: criticisms of the text itself, and criticisms of the way that text has been acted upon since 1970.

Criticisms of the text itself

Some Catholics believe that what they call "the New Mass", when celebrated in languages in which the phrase "pro multis" (Latin for "for (the) many") is translated as "for all", is invalid as sacrament and sacrifice, and brings about no transubstantiation. They affirm that, while past changes of ritual were done to clearly distinguish the difference between a Catholic belief and a heretical one, the 1970 changes were intended primarily to make the Mass less controversial to heretical groups. They point to the following alleged examples:

• Words and phrases that suggest that the bread and wine really and truly become the body and blood of Jesus have been, they say, reduced or replaced with phrases that refer to other things. They maintain that occurrences of the word "sacrifice" have been reduced and that the word "table" has at some unspecified points replaced "altar"; and they consider phrases such as "spiritual drink" to be deliberately ambiguous.
• Actions which, they say, demonstrate belief that the bread and wine are transubstantiated into the body and blood of Jesus have been reduced or eliminated, including:
  • Kneeling;
  • Washing the priest's fingers over the chalice at the end of Mass, rather than, as now, wiping them over the paten any time that a fragment of the host adheres to them or, if necessary, washing them (GIRM 278);
  • The priest keeping his thumb and index finger closed after touching the consecrated host, with the intention that no particles of the host fall to the ground;
  • The requirement that the inside of the chalice be made of gold or silver (this is quite false, since GIRM 328 actually requires that chalices of a material less noble than gold, such as silver, should normally be gilded on the inside);
  • The requirement that there be three layers of fabric under the chalice, so that, if any of the consecrated wine spilled, it would be fully absorbed and not touch the altar (the present rule, given in GIRM 117, is that the altar be covered by "at least one" white cloth, to which is added the fabric of the corporal);
  • Removal of the tabernacle (the place of special presence of Christ, since it contains consecrated hosts) from the main altar to "a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, readily visible, beautifully decorated and suitable for prayer" (GIRM 314).

The critics claim that these actions were done to tone down belief in transubstantiation, which Protestants reject. A controversial Gallup poll in the United States, which reported that seventy percent of the Catholics polled did not believe in transubstantiation, is often cited as evidence of this claim. Others point out that most American Catholics were simply unfamiliar with the term transubstantiation and point to another poll in which the majority of American Catholics answered "yes" to whether they believe Christ to be physically present in the Sacrament. The critics affirm that ambiguities were placed in the text on purpose, to enable reformers to push for further changes, to make the Mass compatible with Protestant worship, or to lead to confusion and loss of Catholic faith.

Criticisms of practices introduced since 1970

Critics oppose certain practices permitted either by the revised Roman Missal or the revised Code of Canon Law, including:

• Laity proclaiming readings from Sacred Scripture;
• Use of Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion;
• Reception of the consecrated Host in the hand, rather than directly into the mouth;
• Allowing female altar servers
• Married men being ordained permanent deacons

Other alterations have been due to changes of taste: plainer vestments with simpler designs and without lace, churches of non-traditional architecture. Many have been of doubtful legitimacy: eliminating kneelers, introducing certain forms of music, including the use of percussion instruments. Critics see these changes as due to (or leading to) a lack of belief that Jesus becomes really, truly and substantially present under the appearance of bread and wine. Some of them would see the revised liturgy as acceptable if these elements were excluded.

The overall effect of the changes has been, Traditionalist Catholics say, to de-emphasise (a) the sacrificial nature of the Mass, and (b) the bar to salvation outside the Church.

Preparing a better English translation

On 28 March 2001, the Holy See issued the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam "on the use of vernacular languages in the publication of the books of the Roman liturgy". This included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts (the originals of which are always in Latin), "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." The following year, the third typical edition in Latin of the revised Roman Missal was released, an edition announced in 2000. (The "typical edition" of a liturgical text is that to which editions by other publishers must conform.)

These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because the previous one was at some points an adaptation rather than strictly a translation. An example is the rendering of "Et cum spiritu tuo" as "And also with you." A revised translation may therefore make more evident to English speakers that the Second Vatican Council revision of the Ordinary of the Mass left most of the text unchanged.

The body responsible for producing English translations of liturgical texts of the Roman Rite is the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL). It promptly began work on a completely new translation of the Roman Missal, intending it not to be a rushed job. On 2 February 2004, ICEL Chairman Bishop Arthur Roche of Leeds, England issued a first draft of the Ordinary of the Mass part of the Missal; a definitive version of the Missal is expected to become available in 2007 at the earliest.

B) Polemics

• : a critical study of the New Rite from 1969
• by Dietrich von Hildebrand
• Novus Ordo Missae

Novus Ordo Missae