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Neo-Lutheranism is a term applied by some 20th century Lutherans, primarily from more liberal Lutheran churches, to the Lutheran confessional revival that took place in 19th century. The 19th century Lutheran confessional revival was directed against two major theological trends: pietism and rationalism. At the time of the confessional revival, the Prussian government in German was forcing together Lutherans and Reformed Christians, demanding that Lutherans no longer insist on their distinct confession. The rationalism of the time caused many Lutherans, at first, to seek comfort in Pietism, a movement that puts emphasis nearly exclusively on the interior and individual spiritual life. But Pietism ultimately proved
to be discouraging to many who soon realized that it offered no solid, objective asurance of God's grace. This assuance they found in the Lutheran Confessions, as contained in the Book of Concord of 1580. This led in various places in Germany to a revival of interest in more traditional and historic Lutheran doctrine and worship. The confessional revival in the 19th century impacted groups throughout Germany and Scandinavia and was a major factor in the formation of The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod in the United States in 1847.
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