A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. This article is reviews the research of critical historians and Bible scholars who have tried to interpret these titles in their historical context. For interpretations from the Christian point of view, see New Testament view on Jesus' life and Christology

Personal name

The name Jesus is derived from the Latin Iesus, which in turn comes from the Greek Ιησούς (Iēsoûs).

The earliest uses of Iēsoûs are found in the Septuagint and in Philo of Alexandria, where it transliterates the Hebrew name Yehoshua (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ). Yehoshua means the Lord is salvation (literally Jehovah is salvation). This is the name that Moses gave to his successor as leader of the Israelites, and is commonly known in English as Joshua.

Many scholars cite the Aramaic form of the name (ישׁוע / Yēšûaʿ), as many documents from the time period, as well as exilic and post-exilic portions of the Old Testament point to Yeshua (ישוע) as the used and accepted cognate.

Other older English and German include Yeshua and Jeshua. Some more recent transliterations include Yahshua, Yahshuah, Yahoshua, Yaohushua and other similar variants, though these typically reflect theological viewpoints of certain groups rather than scholarly linguistics.

According to the Gospel of Matthew, Joseph of Nazareth was directed by an angel in a dream to name Mary's son Jesus because "He will save his people from their sins." (Matthew 1:21) According to the Gospel of Luke, the Angel Gabriel gave Jesus this name (Luke 1:31). Because the name was fairly common in the 1st Century, the New Testament sometimes refers to him as Jesus of Nazareth, or Jesus, Son of David.

Christ

Christ is not a name but a title, and comes, via Latin, from the Greek Christos (Χριστός Khristós), which means "anointed" (to anoint is to rub with perfumed oil). The Greek form is a literal translation of Messiah from Hebrew mashiyakh (משיח) or Aramaic m'shikha (משיחא), a word which occurs often in the Old Testament and signifies "high priest" or " king" – a man, chosen by God or descended from a man chosen by God, to serve as a religious, civil, and/or military authority.

Other titles in the Gospels

In the Gospels, Jesus has many titles besides "Messiah": Prophet, Lord, Son of man, Son of God, Son of David, King of the Jews and Emmanuel.

Prophet

According to such verses as Matthew 21:11 and Luke 7:16, Jews of the time thought of Jesus as a prophet; according to such verses as Mark 6:4, Matthew 13: 57, and Luke 4:24, Jesus considered himself to be a prophet. In the Hebrew Bible, prophets were generally men who spoke with God and proclaimed God's words to the people, often criticizing political and economic elites in the process. The Pharisees seem to have believed that the age of the prophets ended with Malachi (Daniel, for example, was not considered a prophet, and the sages claimed that they had succeeded the prophets as transmitters of God's law); the author of 1 Maccabees, however, believed that prophets would one day reappear in Judea. Ecclesiasticus 48: 10 identifies the reappearance of a prophet with the messenger who will arrive as a harbinger of the end of time – Acts 3: 17–26 suggests that some early Christians may have identified the second coming of Jesus (rather than his original earthly career) with this type of prophet. Nevertheless, neither the Gospels nor other early Christians seemed to have favored this title, perhaps because 1st and 2nd century Roman Judea saw many charlatans who claimed to be prophets announcing the end of days, and who were executed by the Romans.

Prophets in the Hebrew Bible were also advocates of monotheism, and healers. In Luke 4: 25–27, Jesus specifically refers to two such prophets, Elijah and Elisha. In this and in other contexts, historians conclude that the Gospels seem to use the term "prophet" as synonymous with miracle-worker and healer.

Lord

The Gospels and Acts frequently use "Lord" as a title for Jesus, and the disciple Thomas addresses Jesus as "My Lord and my God!" in John 20:28. Different scholars have come up with various explanations: some believe that Jesus' disciples called him lord, but not because he was divine; this was merely a title used when students addressed their teachers. Some believe that the New Testament uses the term lord to mean divine, but that it was only after Jesus' death and resurrection that his followers ascribed to him divinity. Others argue that neither Jesus nor his disciples used the Aramaic term for lord, mara, and that the Greek term kyrios (meaning, "the Lord") was borrowed from pagan Hellenic usage by early Gentile converts to Christianity. The Hebrew Bible distinguishes between "lord" (adon) and "God"; the word "lord" does not necessarily imply divinity, although God is often described as "the Lord". Surviving inter-testamental Aramaic texts frequently use the Aramaic mara to mean "the Lord", that is, God – but they also provide evidence of people using mara and kyrios as personal titles (for example, used to address a husband, father, or king).

Son of Man

See related article: Son of man.

Jesus is rarely described as Son of man (, in Aramaic) outside of the Gospels, but in the Synoptic Gospels Jesus is attributed to using this title over sixty times. Some take this as an allusion to Daniel 7:13, which associates "one like a son of man" with a messianic vision. Six Gospel uses of the title directly refer to, and many others allude to, Daniel. Since Daniel is an apocalyptic work, some scholars link Jesus' use of the term "son of man" with the short apocalypse of chapter 13 of the Gospel of Mark; such a view paints Jesus as preacher of apocalyptic Judaism. However, most of the uses in Mark, and many examples from the other Gospels, are non-Danielic. Indeed, other Aramaic and Hebrew texts reveal that the phrase was used almost exclusively to mean simply "man" or "human," or as a way by which a speaker may refer to himself in a humble manner. Thus, many historians and nearly all Aramaic linguists conclude that this phrase was not a title, but a normal Aramaic self-appellation.

Son of God

The New Testament frequently refers to Jesus as the son of God; Jesus seldom does, but often refers to God as his father. Christians universally understand this to mean that Jesus was literally God's son – according to the Nicene Creed, God's only begotten son, one with the Father (cf. John 3:16). The phrase itself is thus taken to be synonymous with divinity. The Hebrew Bible, however, uses the phrase "son of God" in other senses: to refer to heavenly or angelic beings; to refer to the Children of Israel, and to refer to kings. There is no New Testament evidence to suggest that early Christians thought of Jesus as an angel, so the first two usages seem not to apply.

Mark identifies Jesus as the son of King David, and Matthew and Luke provide lineages linking Jesus to King David. II Samuel 7: 14, Psalms 2: 7 and 89: 26–27, refer to David as the son of God, although historians find no evidence that the authors of the Bible believed David to be divine or literally God's son. (Many Christians interpret these and other Psalms as referring prophetically to Jesus, the "seed" referred to in Psalm 89. See Christ in the Psalms by Father Patrick Reardon.)

In post-Biblical Judaism, the title was often applied to righteous men: Ecclesiasticus 4: 10 and the Wisdom of Solomon 2: 17–18 use the term to refer to just men, and Jubilees 1: 24–25 has God declaring all righteous men to be his sons. Philo too wrote that good people are sons of God, and various rabbis in the Talmud declare that when Israelites are good, they are sons of God. The Talmud provides one example that parallels that of Jesus: Rabbi Hanina, whom God referred to as "my son", was also a miracle worker, and was able to resist Agrat, queen of the demons. Some scholars thus suggest that "son of God" was a title used in the Galilee by miracle-workers. Other scholars have suggested that the identification of "son of God" with divinity is pagan in origin; the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt referred to themselves as sons of Zeus or of Helios; Roman emperors used the title divi filius, or son of God. They suggest that the belief that Jesus was in fact the "son of God", and the association of his divine paternity with his being "messiah", were added after Christianity broke with Judaism.

King of the Jews

The title of "King of the Jews" is used to refer to Jesus in two recorded episodes during his life. In both it is implicitly accepted to be a valid title, which is supported by the genealogies given in Matthew and Luke.

It is first used by the Magi, who ask of King Herod "Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him" (Matthew 2:2, TNIV). The teachers of the law answer that he will be found in Bethlehem, according to the prophesy of Micah (5:2).

It is again used in Jesus' trial. In all of the gospels, Pilate is recorded as asking Jesus "Are you king of the Jews?", to which Jesus replies "You have said so" (Mark 15:2 and parallels). This implies that the Sanhedrin had told Pilate that Jesus had claimed this title. Pilate then orders the written charge on the sign on Jesus' cross to read "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" (John 19:19 and parallels). John (19:20) reports that the sign was written in Aramaic, Latin and Greek. In Latin this can be translated as "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum". The abbreviation INRI is therefore used to represent this in many depictions of Jesus' crucifixion.

Lamb of God

Geza Vermes averred that the title Lamb of God does not necessarily refer to the metaphor of a sacrificial animal. He points out that in Galilean Aramaic the word talya, literally "lamb," had the common meaning of "male child". This is akin to "kid" meaning "child" in modern colloquial English. The female equivalent of Talya was Talitha, literally "ewe lamb" and figuratively "girl" (the word is found in the Narrative of the Daughter of Jairus). Thus, "Lamb of God" could have been a slang means of saying "Son of God" or "God's Kid".

References

1.   , entries 2424 and 03091 .