The Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church (Czechoslovak Orthodox Church up to 1993) traces its roots to the Church of the Czech Brethren of the 1920s. It was first headed by Matej Pavlik, consecrated as Bishop Gorazd by the Serbian Orthodox Church, under whose authority the Church operated. (The Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church is now autocephalous, or self-governing.)

Almost all of the members of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church were 20th-century converts from Roman Catholicism or Eastern Rite Catholicism (Uniates). The faithful included Czechs, Moravians, Slovaks and back then Rusyns (Carpatho-Ukraine was a part of Czechoslovakia up to 1945) who felt disenfrachised by the Catholic priests. The conversions and the formation of the Church itself were an attempt to return to Slavic roots and to the teachings of the Saints Cyril and Methodius who first converted Moravia in 863.

The faithful of the then Czechoslovak Orthodox Church were Czechoslovak patriots as well

In 1942, the head of the church, Bishop Gorazd, was arrested, tried, tortured and executed by the Nazis. His offense was harboring the conspirators who had assassinated Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich. This involvement caused harsh reprisals for Eastern Orthodox faithful in German-occupied Bohemia and Moravia. Some 256 Orthodox priests and prominent believers were either executed or deported to slave labor camps in the Third Reich.

Following the end of the war, in 1945, the Czechoslovak Orthodox Church held a memorial service for Bishop Gorazd. Prominent citizens of Prague of all faiths paid their respects to the murdered cleric in the Orthodox Cathedral of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. He is now known as Saint Gorazd, recognized as a martyr by Orthodox Christians throughout the world.

Orthodoxe Kerk in de Tsjechische Landen en Slowakije Чехословацкая православная церковь