Christianity: Details about 'Carlos Duarte Costa'
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Carlos Duarte Costa or Saint Carlos of Brazil (1888-1961) was a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church; after being excommunicated by Pope Pius XII, he established the Catholic Apostolic Church of Brazil. Duarte Costa was born July 21, 1888 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On April 1, 1911 he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro. On July 4, 1924 Pope Pius XI appointed him bishop of Botucatu. On December 8, 1924 he was consecrated by Sebastiao Leme da Silveira Cintra, Titular Bishop of Orthosia (later Cardinal and Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro). From the 1930s to the end of World War II, Duarte Costa repeatedly spoke out for the reform of the Church, especially rejecting papal infallibility which he considered "a misguided and false dogma". He promoted a more "pastoral" approach to those who are divorced and challenged mandatory celibacy for the clergy. An advocate for Brazil's poor, Duarte Costa was an outspoken critic of the Holy See's foreign policy and its cooperation with Brazil's totalitarian regime before and during World War II. On September 22, 1937 Duarte Costa was forced to resign as bishop of Botucatu. He was appointed Titular Bishop of Maura. Duarte Costa's criticism of the Brazilian government resulted in his imprisonment in 1944 until President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill pressured Brazil for his release. Duarte Costa publicly denounced the Vatican Secretariat of State after learning that Vatican passports were being issued to some high ranking former Nazi officials to allow them to flee to the safety of South America. On July 6, 1945 Pope Pius XII excommunicated Duarte Costa who immediately established the Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (Catholic Apostolic Church of Brazil). He eventually assumed the titles of patriarch and primate. Just over a month later Duarte Costa consecrated Salomão Barbosa Ferraz as a bishop. Thirteen years later (1958) Ferraz, a former Roman Catholic priest, reconciled and returned to the Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Pius XII, and was allowed to serve a diocese. Ferraz was never re-consecrated a bishop by the Roman Catholic Church, not even conditionally. His consecration as a bishop was simply recognized as such and he was appointed Titular Bishop of Eleuterna by Pope John XXIII on 12 May 1963 . Pope Paul VI also appointed him to serve on a working commission during Vatican II. Upon his death in 1969, Bishop Ferraz was buried with full honors accorded a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Duarte Costa died March 26, 1967. He was succeeded as primate of the Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira by Luis Castillo Mendez. Castillo Mendez uses the traditional Roman Pontifical for all episcopal consecrations and is more theologically conservative than his predecessor.
External LinksCarlos Duarte Costa Carlos Duarte Costa
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